 |
|
Age-Dependent Differential Expression of Fibronectin Variants in Skin and Airway Mucosal Wounds
Ha-Sheng Li-Korotky, MD, PhD;
Patricia A. Hebda, PhD;
Chia-Yee Lo, MS;
Joseph E. Dohar, MD
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;133(9):919-924.
ABSTRACT
| |
Objective To delineate age-dependent and tissue-specific molecular activities of the variant-inclusion fibronectin transcripts in fetal and postnatal skin and airway mucosal wounds during early events of the wound healing process. Fibronectin is involved in multiple steps of the wound healing process. The functional complexity of fibronectin is carried through its protein diversity, which is controlled in part by alternative RNA splicing, a coordinated transcription and RNA processing. From a rabbit model of airway mucosal wound healing, we isolated and cloned an RNA splicing factor, SRp20, that was coexpressed with Fn1 complementary DNA and suppressed in fetal wounds but induced in postnatal wounds. Previous studies revealed a link between the inclusion and/or exclusion of the alternatively spliced Fn1 variants (extra domain A [EDA], extra domain B [EDB], and a variable region [V]) and outcomes of wound repair.
Design Skin and airway mucosal incisional wounds were made in fetal (gestational day 21-23), weanling (4-6 weeks), and adult (>6 months) rabbits. Tissues (nonwounded and wounded) were collected at 12 hours (all age groups), 24 hours, and 48 hours (weanling only) after wounding. The expression levels of the 3 Fn1 spliced domain (EDA, EDB, and V)-containing messenger RNA (mRNA) species were assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction.
Results Fn1 spliced variants were either suppressed or showed no change in fetal skin and airway mucosal wounds 12 hours after injury, whereas the spliced mRNAs were induced in postnatal wounds. The augmented molecular activities of Fn1 spliced variants were more prominent in airway mucosal wounds than in skin wounds. Furthermore, the EDA variant was dominantly selected in adult airway mucosal wounds (6-fold increase), which was strikingly different from the adult skin wounds (1-fold).
Conclusion Our study suggests that the age-dependent activation of Fn1-EDA mRNA may play a fundamental role in differentiating fetal wound regeneration from postnatal wound scar formation during the early events of airway mucosal wound healing.
INTRODUCTION
Subglottic stenosis (SGS) is a major clinical problem, particularly in premature infants following prolonged intubations1-3 and in adults following percutaneous dilational tracheotomy.4 We previously demonstrated that fetal rabbit airway mucosal healing was regenerative and scarless.5 From this model, we isolated and cloned a pre–messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) splicing factor, SRp20, that was coexpressed with a Fn1 complementary DNA (cDNA). Both gene transcripts were simultaneously suppressed in fetal wounds and induced in postnatal wounds, and their expression levels in wounds were tissue specific during the early events of the wound healing process.6
Fibronectin functional complexity is carried through its protein diversity. The Fn1 protein family consists of multiple isoforms, including plasma fibronectin, a soluble dimeric form in blood7 and cellular fibronectin filaments, a dimeric or multimeric form at the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix.8 On wounding, fibronectin, as a major component of the primary extracellular matrix, is expressed at high levels at the wound site. The plasma fibronectin is released from the  -granules of platelets that are activated by damaged blood vessels, and the cellular fibronectin is synthesized locally at the wound site.9 Fibronectin protein diversity is controlled by alternative pre-mRNA splicing, a coordinated transcription and RNA processing.10-11 All fibronectin isoforms are encoded by a single large gene, Fn1 (50 kilobases and 50 exons)12 and have 3 regions subject to alternative splicing, including extra domain A (EDA), extra domain B (EDB), and a variable region (V), depending on the cell type and stage of development.10, 13-14 In humans, approximately 20 different mRNA-encoding protein subunits are produced.15 The full-length nature of some variants has not been determined. Cellular fibronectin is produced by a wide variety of cell types and contains considerably higher proportions of alternatively spliced sequences compared with plasma fibronectin, suggesting that the alternative splicing of the Fn1 mRNA transcripts is tissue-cell specific and function dependent. This process may assist tissue cells to produce a type of fibronectin that is the most suitable for the needs of a specific tissue or cellular function.16-17 Nevertheless, expression profiles and biological functions of the Fn1 spliced variants in fetal and postnatal airway mucosal epithelia and wound repair remain undefined.
We report herein age-dependent differential expression profiles of the 3 alternatively spliced domain (EDA, EDB, or V)-containing Fn1 mRNAs in fetal, weanling, and adult rabbit skin and airway mucosal wounds during the early phase of wound repair. Results indicate that the age-dependent selection of the Fn1-EDA mRNA during the early phase of airway mucosal wound healing may play a fundamental role in differentiating fetal wound regeneration from postnatal wound repair and scar formation.
METHODS
ANIMAL MODEL
Adult Pasteurella-free New Zealand white rabbits (pregnant and nonpregnant) were obtained from a US Department of Agriculture–approved supplier (Hazelton Research Products, Denver, Pennsylvania). At least 3 animals or fetuses were used in each group (nonwounded and wounded), including fetus at gestational days 21 to 23 (term = 31 days), weanling (4-6 weeks), and adult (> 6 months) rabbits. Animal maintenance and experiments were conducted following a protocol approved by the Animal Research and Care Committee of the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Rabbit skin and airway mucosal wounds were produced following well-established techniques as previously applied in our laboratory.5 Briefly, anesthesia was induced with a mix of ketamine hydrochloride (35 mg/kg) and xylazine hydrochloride (5 mg/kg) via intramuscular injection. For fetal surgery in pregnant rabbits, anesthesia was maintained with a mix of 1% to 3% halothane, 2% oxygen, and 1% nitrous oxide delivered by spontaneous mask ventilation at a rate of 1 L/min. The abdominal hair was shaved, and the skin was prepared with povidone iodine. The site for the incision was treated locally with subcutaneous infiltration of the skin with lidocaine, 2%. A lower midline laparotomy incision was made extending from the umbilicus to the most caudal set of nipples. The size, number, and position of the fetuses were determined by palpation. Surgery was performed on every second fetus to reduce the risk of spontaneous abortion and every other fetus was left unwounded for controls. A purse-string suture was placed through all layers of the uterus and a hysterotomy incision was made within the borders of the suture. The fetal animal was partially delivered through the opening to expose the areas intended for wounding and then carefully replaced. All skin incisional wounds were made on the dorsal skin in an identical pattern (approximately 1 cm long). For airway mucosal wounds, a midline thyrotomy was made, followed by cricoidectomy and circumferential mechanical injury of the subglottic mucosa. Sterile isotonic sodium chloride solution was added to reconstitute the volume of the lost amniotic fluid and the purse-string suture was closed in layers with running sutures. Similar procedures for generating skin and airway mucosal wounds were applied to weanling and adult rabbits, as previously described.2, 5-6
After 12 hours, a second surgery was carried out to deliver all the fetuses, and the mother was given a lethal intracardiac injection of a mix containing sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg) and pentobarbital sodium–phenytoin sodium (0.2 mL/kg) while under a deep anesthesia. Nonwounded and wounded skin and airway mucosal tissues from individual age groups were immediately collected, rinsed in cold physiological saline, rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at –80°C. For weanling rabbits, tissue samples were also collected at 24 hours and 48 hours after wounding.
REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
RNA Extraction
Total RNA was isolated using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, California) and then treated with DNase I (Ambion Inc, Austin, Texas) following the instructions of the manufacturers. Total RNA was pooled from each age group because of a sparse amount of RNA from each animal and used for reverse transcription and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) quantification.
Gene-Specific Primers
To assess the gene expression levels of the Fn1 variants, gene-specific primers coding for the 3 Fn1 spliced fragments were designed based on the published sequences from human FN1-EDA (GenBank No. X07718),18 rat Fn1-EDB (GenBank No. L20801),19 and human FN1-V (GenBank No. X04530).20 Primers for rabbit 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) (GenBank No. X06778)21 was designed and used as an endogenous control for data normalization. Primer sequences are listed in the Table.
|
|
|
|
Table. Gene-Specific Primers for Fn1 Spliced Variants
|
|
|
Reverse Transcription and Real-Time PCR
Expression levels of the gene transcripts were quantified using real-time PCR as previously described.22 Briefly, the reverse transcription reaction included 250 ng of DNA-free total RNA pooled from each group, random primers, and SuperScript II (Invitrogen) and was incubated at 25°C for 10 minutes, 48°C for 30 minutes, and 95°C for 5 minutes in a 9600 thermocycler (Applied Biosystems Inc, Foster City, California). SYBR Green PCR reagents (Applied Biosystems Inc) were used for PCR amplification. The PCR reaction (in triplicate) included 5 µL of 10X SYBR PCR buffer, 6 µL of 25mM magnesium chloride, 4 µL of each deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate (blended with 2.5mM deoxyadenosine triphosphate, deoxyguanosine triphosphate, and deoxycytidine triphosphate and 5mM deoxyuridine triphosphate), 2.5 µL of each gene-specific primer (5µM), 0.5 µL of AmpErase uracil-N-glycosylase (Applied Biosystems Inc) (0.5 U), 0.25 µL of AmpliTaq Gold (1.25 U) (Applied Biosystems Inc) (1.25 U), and 5 µL of cDNA in a final volume of 50 µL. The conditions for the TaqMan PCR were as follows: 50°C for 2 minutes, 95°C for 12 minutes, and 40 cycles at 95°C for 15 seconds, and 60°C for 1 minute in an ABI PRISM 7700 Sequence Detection system (Applied Biosystems Inc).
DATA ANALYSISs
The 7700 Sequence Detection Software (Applied Biosystems Inc) was used for instrument control, automated data collection, and data analysis. Relative quantification (fold difference) of the expression levels of each transcript for each group was calculated using the 2– Ct method.23 The log cDNA copy number of a target gene that was automatically normalized to the ROX (6-carboxy-X-rhodamine) internal passive reference (logRn) was plotted as a function of the cycle number. The cycle number at which the signal crossed the midlinear portion of the log Rn cycle function was defined as the cycle threshold (Ct). Because the input cDNA copy number and Ct are inversely related, a sample that contains more copies of the template will have a data line that crosses the Ct at an earlier cycle compared with one containing fewer copies of the template. The Ct represents the Ct of the target gene normalized to the rabbit endogenous 18S rRNA (Ct = CtTarget – Ct18S rRNA). Relative quantification (fold difference) of the mRNA expression levels of the target gene was calculated using the 2–Ct method, where Ct = (CtTarget – Ct18S rRNA)wound – (CtTarget – Ct18S rRNA)nonwound.
RESULTS
EXPRESSION LEVELS
Levels of the transcripts coding for the 3 alternatively spliced Fn1 variants were observed in both normal skin and airway mucosal Fn1-EDA and Fn1-V are more abundantly expressed than Fn1-EDB (note that cDNA abundance is inversely related to the Ct) (Figure 1). Fetal tissues have relatively higher molecular activities of all 3 alternatively spliced Fn1 variants compared with postnatal tissues. Both tissues have similar contents of Fn1-variant mRNAs except that, in adults, airway mucosa have more Fn1-EDB mRNA compared with skin.
|
|
|
|
Figure 1. Normal expression of the 3 Fn1 spliced variant genes in skin and airway mucosal tissues of fetal, weanling, and adult rabbits. The Ct represents the cycle threshold of the target gene that is normalized to rabbit 18S ribosomal RNA. Input complementary DNA copy number and the Ct value are inversely related. For easy comparison and visualization of an age-dependent trend, messenger RNA levels were hypothetically line connected between age groups for each variant in each tissue. EDA indicates extra domain A; EDB, extra domain B, and V, variable region.
|
|
|
Differential gene expression profiles of the 3 Fn1 spliced variants in fetal and postnatal skin and airway mucosal wounds revealed several interesting findings (Figure 2). First, the 3 Fn1 variants were slightly suppressed in fetal wounds (skin and airway mucosa) 12 hours after injury, whereas all variants were induced in postnatal wounds to some degree, suggesting that trauma-induced Fn1 mRNA alternative splicing is development-age dependent. Second, postnatal induction of Fn1 variants was more prominent in airway mucosal wounds than in skin wounds, indicating that wound-induced Fn1 mRNA alternative splicing is tissue specific. Quantitative data of the 3 Fn1 variants also indicate that the tissue-specific selection of Fn1 variants may contribute to the total levels of Fn1 transcripts by comparison between skin and airway mucosal wounds, which were correlated with the coexpressed pre-mRNA splicing factor, Sfrs3 (Figure 3).6 Third, the 3 Fn1 domains were dramatically induced in adult airway mucosal wounds compared with that in adult skin wounds. Finally, the EDA variant was dominantly selected in both mucosal and skin wounds by comparison with the other 2 domain (EDB and V)-containing variants.
|
|
|
|
Figure 2. Postwounding messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels for the 3 Fn1 spliced variants in fetal and postnatal skin and airway mucosal wounds. Data were normalized to rabbit 18S ribosomal RNA and adjusted to a 0-fold level for the nonwounded group.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 3. Postwounding expression levels (12 hours) for Sfrs3 and Fn1 total messenger RNA (mRNA) in fetal, weanling, and adult skin and airway mucosal wounds. Data were normalized to rabbit 18S ribosomal RNA and adjusted to a 0-fold level for the nonwounded group.
|
|
|
EXPRESSION PATTERNS
Age-dependent and tissue-specific expression patterns of the 3 Fn1 spliced variants were depicted at 12 hours after wounding (Figure 4). In skin wounds, the 3 spliced domains showed a similar expression pattern, suppressed in prenatal wounds and induced in postnatal wounds. In airway mucosal wounds, however, EDA was dramatically induced in the postnatal wounds in an age-dependent fashion compared with the EDB and V variants. Our results suggest that Fn1 alternative splicing is indeed age dependent and tissue specific in wound healing and that EDA may be a key factor in promoting postnatal airway mucosal wound scar formation.
|
|
|
|
Figure 4. Age-dependent messenger RNA (mRNA) expression patterns for the Fn1 alternatively spliced variants extra domain A (EDA), extra domain B (EDB), and variable region (V) in skin and airway mucosal wounds 12 hours after injury. Data were normalized to rabbit 18S ribosomal RNA and adjusted to 0-fold level for the nonwounded group. For easy comparison and visualization of the age-dependent change, messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were hypothetically line connected between age groups for each variant.
|
|
|
Time-dependent patterns of the 3 Fn1-spliced variants in postnatal weanling wounds are further schematically expressed in Figure 5. The 3 variants in skin wounds were slightly induced at 12 hours and then were gradually and persistently augmented with time (to 48 hours). The EDA variant was preferentially selected, followed by EDB and V in skin wounds. In airway mucosal wounds, however, EDA was dominantly selectively induced, followed by EDB and then V. The molecular activity of the Fn1-EDA transcript was quickly and dramatically induced at 12 hours, remained persistently high at 24 hours, and then gradually decreased to 48 hours in airway mucosal wounds. Our results indicate that, in spite of a similar abundance of the transcripts in both normal skin and airway mucosal tissues (Figure 1), differential selection of Fn1 mRNA–spliced variants (EDA > EDB > V) is more pronounced in postnatal airway mucosal wounds than in skin wounds.
|
|
|
|
Figure 5. Time-dependent gene expression patterns of the extra domain A (EDA), extra domain B (EDB), and variable region (V) in weanling skin and airway mucosal wounds 12 hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours after injury. Data were normalized to rabbit 18S ribosomal RNA and adjusted to a 0-fold level for the nonwounded group. For straightforward comparison and visualization of the time-dependent change, messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were hypothetically line connected between time points for each variant.
|
|
|
COMMENT
Enhanced alternative splicing of Fn1 variants were observed in cutaneous wounds,24-26 corneal wounds,27-30 gastric ulcer healing,31 liver wound repair32 and hepatic fibrogenesis,33 myocardial infarction,34 acute major trauma,35 proliferative glomerulonephritis,36-37 and peripheral nerve injury.38 Assays of the plasma fibronectin and fetal fibronectin variants have been applied to the clinical diagnosis and therapeutic administration of fibronectin to human diseases.39-42 However, to our knowledge, development-age–dependent and tissue-cell–specific expression and regulation of Fn1 spliced variants in airway mucosal wound repair in vivo have not been previously described.
Fetal isoforms of Fn1 mRNAs, which include EDA, EDB, and V, are differentially included or excluded during embryonic development14, 43 and wound healing10, 13 in a cell-type specific manner.44-45 The pattern of Fn1 RNA splicing in the early embryo is, however, different from that seen later in development, but if adult skin is injured, the pattern of Fn1 RNA splicing in the base of the wound switches back to the pattern seen in early development.24 These observations suggest that Fn1 isoforms produced in the early embryo and in wound healing are especially important for promoting the cell migration and proliferation required for tissue development and repair. Nevertheless, the expression entity of Fn1 spliced variants responsible for differentiating fetal scarless wound healing and postnatal wound repair/scar formation remains elusive.
We first evaluated the baselines of Fn1 mRNA variants in both normal skin and airway mucosal wounds and found that the expression levels in both normal tissues were similar, indicating that the differential selections of Fn1 variants after wounding are independent of the original transcript levels in tissues. Second, we observed that the age-dependent, preferential selection patterns of the Fn1 variants appear similar in the rabbit model of the skin and airway mucosal wound healing. The expression levels of the 3 Fn1 spliced domains were either suppressed or unchanged in fetal skin and airway mucosal wounds 12 hours after injury, whereas they were induced in the postnatal wounds, indicating that the transcripts of Fn1 variants were not actively modulated in fetal wounds at 12 hours after wounding. Fn1 deposition was observed at 1 to 4 hours in the fetal wounds,46-47 suggesting that the regulation of the Fn1 genes in fetal wounds in this study may occur much earlier. On the other hand, the normal preexistence of the active splicing process during embryonic development may prevent further alternative selections of the Fn1 spliced variants triggered by wound healing signals.
We further demonstrated that the induced postnatal gene expression of the 3 Fn1 spliced variants was more prominent in the airway mucosal wounds than that in skin wounds. Specifically, at 12 hours after wounding, the Fn1-EDA variant was dominantly included in postnatal airway mucosal wounds, which was strikingly different from that in skin wounds. Time-dependent expression patterns of the Fn1 spliced domains in weanling wounds confirmed that the Fn1-EDA variant is dominantly selected in a tissue-specific fashion in postnatal wounds.
Enhanced alternative splicing of Fn1 variants was observed in cutaneous wounds.24, 26 Macrophages and fibroblasts express embryonic fibronectin during cutaneous wound healing.25 The expression of EDA was increased in the skin of patients with cutaneous graft-vs-host disease, suggesting that Fn1-EDA is a marker of skin fibrosis.48 Expression of EDA- and EDB-spliced variants in bone indicates that these 2 spliced variants are strong markers for active fibrogenetic and osteoid-forming processes in human bones.49 Fibronectin-spliced variants containing the EDA exon were prominently expressed in the vasculature of a variety of human tumors but not in their normal adult tissue counterpart.50 Previous studies and our results suggest that Fn1-EDA may be a crucial target for postnatal airway mucosal wound scar formation.
Our results further suggest that Fn1-EDA may be an important biomarker associated with airway mucosal wound repair. Interestingly, homozygous mouse strains with complete exclusion or inclusion of the EDA exon were viable and developed normally, indicating that the alternative splicing at the EDA exon is not vital during embryonic development. Conversely, mice without the EDA exon in the Fn1 protein displayed abnormal skin wound healing, whereas mice having constitutive inclusion of the EDA exon showed a major decrease in Fn1 levels in all tissues.51 Indeed, a deletion of the alternatively spliced EDA domain in mice with atherosclerotic lesions reduced atherosclerosis.52 Previous studies imply that the Fn1 spliced variants should be properly modulated for maximizing age-dependent and tissue-specific scarless repair.
Therefore, to reveal the nature of the alternative Fn1 gene splicing during the early process of wound healing, a comparison between skin and airway mucosa and between fetal and postnatal tissues will ultimately provide invaluable information for clinical intervention. Selectively targeting the scar-promoting Fn1-EDA variant using gene knock-down (RNA interference) technology and preserving "good" Fn1 isoforms in wounds may help to promote scarless wound regeneration in both skin and airway mucosa.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Correspondence: Ha-Sheng Li-Korotky, MD, PhD, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 8100 Rangos Research Center, 3460 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 (Ha-Sheng.Li{at}chp.edu).
Submitted for Publication: November 22, 2006; final revision received March 7, 2007; accepted April 18, 2007.
Author Contributions: Dr Li-Korotky had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Study concept and design: Li-Korotky, Hebda, and Dohar. Acquisition of data: Li-Korotky and Lo. Analysis and interpretation of data: Li-Korotky, Hebda, and Lo. Drafting of the manuscript: Li-Korotky. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Li-Korotky, Hebda, Lo, and Dohar. Obtained funding: Dohar. Administrative, technical, and material support: Li-Korotky, Hebda, and Lo. Study supervision: Li-Korotky.
Financial Disclosure: None reported.
Funding/Support: This work was supported from the Lester A. Hamburg Endowed Fellowship in Pediatric Otolaryngology and the Eberly Family Endowed Chair in Pediatric Otolaryngology (Margaretha L. Casselbrant, MD, PhD, Endowed Chair in Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh).
Previous Presentation: Partial results of this study were presented at the 21st annual meeting of the American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngology; May 21-22, 2006; Chicago, Illinois.
Author Affiliations: Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Drs Li-Korotky, Hebda, and Dohar and Ms Lo), Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (Drs Li-Korotky, Hebda, and Dohar), Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Drs Li-Korotky, Hebda, and Dohar), and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh (Drs Hebda and Dohar), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
REFERENCES
| |
1. Dohar JE, Stool SE. Respiratory mucosa wound healing and its management: an overview. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 1995;28(5):897-912.
ISI
| PUBMED
2. Dohar JE, Klein EC, Betsch JL, Hebda PA. Acquired subglottic stenosis—depth and not extent of the insult is key. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1998;46(3):159-170.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
3. Kadilak PR, Vanasse S, Sheridan RL. Favorable short- and long-term outcomes of prolonged translaryngeal intubation in critically ill children. J Burn Care Rehabil. 2004;25(3):262-265.
ISI
| PUBMED
4. Lorenz RR. Adult laryngotracheal stenosis: etiology and surgical management. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003;11(6):467-472.
PUBMED
5. Dohar JE, Klein EC, Betsch JL, Hebda PA. Fetal airway wound repair: a new frontier. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1998;124(1):25-29.
FREE FULL TEXT
6. Li-Korotky HS, Hebda PA, Kelly LA, Lo CY, Dohar JE. Identification of a pre-mRNA splicing factor, arginine/serine-rich 3 (Sfrs3), and its co-expression with fibronectin in fetal and postnatal rabbit airway mucosal and skin wounds. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006;1762(1):34-45.
PUBMED
7. Clemmensen I. Significance of plasma fibronectin. Haematologia (Budap). 1984;17(1):101-106.
PUBMED
8. Vaheri A. Fibronectin (cold-insoluble globulin): role in defense. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1980;110(40):1437-1440.
ISI
| PUBMED
9. Clark RA, Winn HJ, Dvorak HF, Colvin RB. Fibronectin beneath reepithelializing epidermis in vivo: sources and significance. J Invest Dermatol. 1983;80:26s-30s.
FULL TEXT
| PUBMED
10. Kornblihtt AR, Pesce CG, Alonso CR; et al. The fibronectin gene as a model for splicing and transcription studies. FASEB J. 1996;10(2):248-257.
ABSTRACT
11. Pankov R, Yamada KM. Fibronectin at a glance. J Cell Sci. 2002;115(pt 20):3861-3863.
FREE FULL TEXT
12. Kornblihtt AR, Umezawa K, Vibe-Pedersen K, Baralle FE. Primary structure of human fibronectin: differential splicing may generate at least 10 polypeptides from a single gene. EMBO J. 1985;4(7):1755-1759.
ISI
| PUBMED
13. Schwarzbauer JE. Alternative splicing of fibronectin: three variants, three functions. Bioessays. 1991;13(10):527-533.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
14. Arai H, Hirano H, Mushiake S, Nakayama M, Takada G, Sekiguchi K. Loss of EDB+ fibronectin isoform is associated with differentiation of alveolar epithelial cells in human fetal lung. Am J Pathol. 1997;151(2):403-412.
ABSTRACT
15. Gutman A, Kornblihtt AR. Identification of a third region of cell-specific alternative splicing in human fibronectin mRNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987;84(20):7179-7182.
FREE FULL TEXT
16. Couchman JR, Austria MR, Woods A. Fibronectin-cell interactions. J Invest Dermatol. 1990;94(6)(suppl):7S-14S.
FULL TEXT
| PUBMED
17. Maniscalco WM, Watkins RH, Campbell MH. Expression of fibronectin mRNA splice variants by rabbit lung in vivo and by alveolar type II cells in vitro. Am J Physiol. 1996;271(6, pt 1):L972-L980.
ISI
| PUBMED
18. Paolella G, Henchcliffe C, Sebastio G, Baralle FE. Sequence analysis and in vivo expression show that alternative splicing of ED-B and ED-A regions of the human fibronectin gene are independent events. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988;16(8):3545-3557.
FREE FULL TEXT
19. Huh GS, Hynes RO. Elements regulating an alternatively spliced exon of the rat fibronectin gene. Mol Cell Biol. 1993;13(9):5301-5314.
FREE FULL TEXT
20. Vibe-Pedersen K, Magnusson S, Baralle FE. Donor and acceptor splice signals within an exon of the human fibronectin gene: a new type of differential splicing. FEBS Lett. 1986;207(2):287-291.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
21. Rairkar A, Rubino HM, Lockard RE. Revised primary structure of rabbit 18S ribosomal RNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988;16(7):3113.
FREE FULL TEXT
22. Li HS, Doyle WJ, Swarts JD, Hebda PA. Suppression of epithelial ion transport transcripts during pneumococcal acute otitis media in the rat. Acta Otolaryngol. 2002;122(5):488-494.
FULL TEXT
| PUBMED
23. Schmittgen TD, Zakrajsek BA, Mills AG, Gorn V, Singer MJ, Reed MW. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to study mRNA decay: comparison of endpoint and real-time methods. Anal Biochem. 2000;285(2):194-204.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
24. F-French-Constant C, Van de Water L, Dvorak HF, Hynes RO. Reappearance of an embryonic pattern of fibronectin splicing during wound healing in the adult rat. J Cell Biol. 1989;109(2):903-914.
FREE FULL TEXT
25. Brown LF, Dubin D, Lavigne L, Logan B, Dvorak HF, Van de Water L. Macrophages and fibroblasts express embryonic fibronectins during cutaneous wound healing. Am J Pathol. 1993;142(3):793-801.
ABSTRACT
26. Singh P, Reimer CL, Peters JH, Stepp MA, Hynes RO, Van De Water L. The spatial and temporal expression patterns of integrin alpha9beta1 and one of its ligands, the EIIIA segment of fibronectin, in cutaneous wound healing. J Invest Dermatol. 2004;123(6):1176-1181.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
27. Cai X, Foster CS, Liu JJ; et al. Alternatively spliced fibronectin molecules in the wounded cornea: analysis by PCR. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1993;34(13):3585-3592.
FREE FULL TEXT
28. Vitale AT, Pedroza-Seres M, Arrunategui-Correa V; et al. Differential expression of alternatively spliced fibronectin in normal and wounded rat corneal stroma versus epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994;35(10):3664-3672.
FREE FULL TEXT
29. Nickeleit V, Kaufman AH, Zagachin L, Dutt JE, Foster CS, Colvin RB. Healing corneas express embryonic fibronectin isoforms in the epithelium, subepithelial stroma, and endothelium. Am J Pathol. 1996;149(2):549-558.
ABSTRACT
30. Havrlikova K, Mellott M, Kaufman AH; et al. Expression of fibronectin isoforms bearing the alternatively spliced EIIIA, EIIIB, and V segments in corneal alkali burn and keratectomy wound models in the rat. Cornea. 2004;23(8):812-818.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
31. Tominaga K, Higuchi K, Watanabe T; et al. Expression of gene for EIIIA- and EIIIB- fibronectin, fetal types of fibronectin, during gastric ulcer healing in rats. Dig Dis Sci. 2001;46(2):311-317.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
32. George J, Wang SS, Sevcsik AM; et al. Transforming growth factor-beta initiates wound repair in rat liver through induction of the EIIIA-fibronectin splice isoform. Am J Pathol. 2000;156(1):115-124.
FREE FULL TEXT
33. Jarnagin WR, Rockey DC, Koteliansky VE, Wang SS, Bissell DM. Expression of variant fibronectins in wound healing: cellular source and biological activity of the EIIIA segment in rat hepatic fibrogenesis. J Cell Biol. 1994;127(6, pt 2):2037-2048.
FREE FULL TEXT
34. Ulrich MM, Janssen AM, Daemen MJ; et al. Increased expression of fibronectin isoforms after myocardial infarction in rats. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1997;29(9):2533-2543.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
35. Peters JH, Loredo GA, Chen G; et al. Plasma levels of fibronectin bearing the alternatively spliced EIIIB segment are increased after major trauma. J Lab Clin Med. 2003;141(6):401-410.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
36. Barnes JL, Torres ES, Mitchell RJ, Peters JH. Expression of alternatively spliced fibronectin variants during remodeling in proliferative glomerulonephritis. Am J Pathol. 1995;147(5):1361-1371.
ABSTRACT
37. Alonso J, Gomez-Chiarri M, Ortiz A; et al. Glomerular up-regulation of EIIIA and V120 fibronectin isoforms in proliferative immune complex nephritis. Kidney Int. 1996;50(3):908-919.
ISI
| PUBMED
38. Mathews GA, Ffrench-Constant C. Embryonic fibronectins are up-regulated following peripheral nerve injury in rats. J Neurobiol. 1995;26(2):171-188.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
39. Powell FS, Doran JE. Current status of fibronectin in transfusion medicine: focus on clinical studies. Vox Sang. 1991;60(4):193-202.
ISI
| PUBMED
40. Yoder MC. Therapeutic administration of fibronectin: current uses and potential applications. Clin Perinatol. 1991;18(2):325-341.
ISI
| PUBMED
41. Orem C, Orem A, Calapoglu M, Baykan M, Uydu HA, Erdol C. Plasma fibronectin level and its relationships with lipids, lipoproteins and C-reactive protein in patients with dyslipidaemia during lipid-lowering therapy. Acta Cardiol. 2002;57(6):421-425.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
42. Koenn ME. Fetal fibronectin. Clin Lab Sci. 2002;15(2):96-98.
PUBMED
43. Pagani F, Zagato L, Vergani C, Casari G, Sidoli A, Baralle FE. Tissue-specific splicing pattern of fibronectin messenger RNA precursor during development and aging in rat. J Cell Biol. 1991;113(5):1223-1229.
FREE FULL TEXT
44. Norton PA, Hynes RO. Alternative splicing of chicken fibronectin in embryos and in normal and transformed cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1987;7(12):4297-4307.
FREE FULL TEXT
45. Barone MV, Henchcliffe C, Baralle FE, Paolella G. Cell type specific trans-acting factors are involved in alternative splicing of human fibronectin pre-mRNA. EMBO J. 1989;8(4):1079-1085.
ISI
| PUBMED
46. Longaker MT, Whitby DJ, Ferguson MW; et al. Studies in fetal wound healing: III. Early deposition of fibronectin distinguishes fetal from adult wound healing. J Pediatr Surg. 1989;24(8):799-805.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
47. Whitby DJ, Ferguson MW. The extracellular matrix of lip wounds in fetal, neonatal and adult mice. Development. 1991;112(2):651-668.
ABSTRACT
48. van der Straaten HM, Canninga-van Dijk MR, Verdonck LF; et al. Extra-domain-A fibronectin: a new marker of fibrosis in cutaneous graft-versus-host disease. J Invest Dermatol. 2004;123(6):1057-1062.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
49. Kilian O, Dahse R, Alt V; et al. Expression of EDA+ and EDB+ fibronectin splice variants in bone. Bone. 2004;35(6):1334-1345.
PUBMED
50. Astrof S, Crowley D, George EL; et al. Direct test of potential roles of EIIIA and EIIIB alternatively spliced segments of fibronectin in physiological and tumor angiogenesis. Mol Cell Biol. 2004;24(19):8662-8670.
FREE FULL TEXT
51. Muro AF, Chauhan AK, Gajovic S; et al. Regulated splicing of the fibronectin EDA exon is essential for proper skin wound healing and normal lifespan. J Cell Biol. 2003;162(1):149-160.
FREE FULL TEXT
52. Tan MH, Sun Z, Opitz SL, Schmidt TE, Peters JH, George EL. Deletion of the alternatively spliced fibronectin EIIIA domain in mice reduces atherosclerosis. Blood. 2004;104(1):11-18.
FREE FULL TEXT
 CiteULike  Connotea  Del.icio.us  Digg  Reddit  Technorati
What's this?
THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES
Epithelial Cell-Extracellular Matrix Interactions and Stem Cells in Airway Epithelial Regeneration
Coraux et al.
Proc Am Thorac Soc 2008;5:689-694.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
|
