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Quality-of-Life Outcomes After Surgical Intervention for Otitis Media
Michele Richards, MD;
Carla Giannoni, MD
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2002;128:776-782.
ABSTRACT
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Objective To assess the change in disease-specific quality of life in children
with recurrent acute otitis media and/or chronic otitis media with effusion
treated with surgical intervention.
Design Prospective questionnaire-based outcome study.
Setting An academic pediatric otolaryngology practice.
Participants Consecutive series of 123 children referred for surgical treatment of
recurrent acute otitis media and/or chronic otitis media with effusion.
Intervention and Methods Surgery included bilateral myringotomy and tympanostomy tube placement
either alone or with adenoidectomy. An otitis media disease–specific
questionnaire was administered before and after surgical intervention.
Main Outcome Measures Comparison of the mean percentage change in total ear symptom score
between presurgery and postsurgery scores at 1 and 6 months after surgery.
Results The mean percentage change in total ear symptom score was a 74.5% improvement
(P<.001) at the 1-month follow-up and a 59.8%
improvement (P<.001) at the 6-month follow-up.
Parental worry related to the child's ear problems was also significantly
decreased, with a mean otitis media disease–specific questionnaire score
of 3.43 (P<.001) at 1 month and 2.64 (P<.001) at 6 months after surgery. When caregivers were asked if
they would have their child undergo tympanostomy tube placement if they had
to make the decision again, 91% and 84% responded yes at the 1- and 6-month
follow-up, respectively.
Conclusions The disease-specific quality of life of children with recurrent acute
otitis media and/or chronic otitis media with effusion with appropriate surgical
indications significantly improved after surgical intervention. The amount
of parental worry concerning their children's ear problems also significantly
improved following surgery, and most caregivers would opt again for tube placement.
INTRODUCTION
OTITIS MEDIA is one of the most common childhood diseases resulting
in physician office visits in the United States today.1-2
It affects approximately two thirds of all children by the age of 3 years,
and one third of these children will have at least 3 episodes of otitis media
before their third birthday.2 Otitis media
accounts for approximately 25 to 30 million office visits per year2-3 and results in an estimated annual
cost of $3 billion to $5 billion including medical and surgical treatment.4-5
Chronic otitis media with effusion (COME) is defined as a middle ear
effusion without pain, redness, or bulging of the tympanic membrane.6 It occurs most commonly between the ages of 2 and
4 years as documented by tympanograms.6 The
exact prevalence of COME is unknown, but in approximately 10% of children
with an episode of acute otitis media (AOM), a middle ear effusion is still
present at 3 months.7 The presence of bilateral
middle ear effusions is frequently associated with a conductive hearing loss
in the range of 20 to 25 dB.8
Acute otitis media is defined as inflammation of the middle ear associated
with the signs of an acute infection including an erythematous, bulging tympanic
membrane, and the presence of a middle ear effusion and symptoms including
pain, fever, and/or irritability.6 It affects
children most commonly between the ages of 6 and 18 months, with a younger
age at first episode associated with an increased risk of recurrent acute
otitis media (RAOM).2 Many other risk factors
have been documented, including sex (male sex), race (Native American), season
(fall and winter), familial aggregation (children with an affected sibling
being more likely to experience episodes of otitis media), day care attendance,
exposure to tobacco smoke, and early bottle feeding.2, 6
In the literature, many researchers have examined the possible benefits
of various treatments of both RAOM and COME. Current recommendations are based
on analysis of treatment efficacy from multiple outcome perspectives including
effusion resolution, a decline in the number of infections, improvements in
hearing, and the effects of otitis media on language development, academic
performance, and behavior. These standard clinical outcome measures have generally
demonstrated benefits of treatment, including surgical therapies, in properly
selected patient populations.9 The current
recommendations suggest that tympanostomy tubes are the appropriate treatment
for children with persistent effusions for more than 3 months and hearing
loss in spite of antimicrobial therapy.4, 6, 10
Currently accepted guidelines suggest that the placement of tympanostomy tubes
is indicated after more than 4 episodes of AOM per year as well.5-6,10
The need to demonstrate the benefits of specific treatments has become
more important in health care because managed care and primary payers have
begun to demand documentation of the appropriateness of health care interventions.
Tympanostomy tube placement is the second most common surgical procedure performed
on children after circumcision.4 Few studies
evaluating patient-specific quality-of-life outcomes in the surgical treatment
of otitis media have been completed. While standard objective measures have
demonstrated a benefit in general, there is little evidence available today
that the surgical treatment of RAOM or COME improves quality of life.
Quality-of-life issues related to otitis media include such factors
as physical symptoms (fever, otalgia, and otorrhea), emotional symptoms (irritability,
poor appetite, decreased activity, restlessness, and apathy), hearing loss
(decreased response to verbal commands, talking louder, and turning up the
television, radio, or video game television), speech symptoms (decrease in
articulation, pronunciation, and understandability and speech delay), social
symptoms (number of days infection required patient to stay home from school
or day care and days of work lost by parents owing to child's illness), and
parents' emotional symptoms (amount of worry caused by child's infections,
negative effect on parent's mood, and negative effect on parent's competence
level). Evaluating the effects on quality of life and subjective assessment
of tube placement for RAOM and COME is an important feature of documenting
the benefits of the treatment along with the more frequently examined objective
measures.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
STUDY DESIGN
This study was designed as a prospective questionnaire study evaluating
otitis media–related symptoms before surgery and 1 and 6 months after
surgery. Demographic data were also obtained at each questionnaire administration.
POPULATION
The study population consisted of a convenience sample of children referred
to the University of Florida pediatric otolaryngology clinic, Gainesville,
for surgical treatment of RAOM and/or COME. Inclusion criteria included (1)
age younger than 16 years, (2) a diagnosis of RAOM as defined by 5 or more
episodes of AOM over the past year or a diagnosis of COME defined as the presence
of middle ear effusion in 1 or both ears for 3 months or longer, (3) child's
primary caregiver present to complete the survey, and (4) children presenting
to the practice of a single pediatric otolaryngologist. Exclusion criteria
included (1) presentation to the other physicians within the University of
Florida otolaryngology group, (2) previous ear surgery other than myringotomy
and/or tympanostomy tube placement, (3) tympanostomy tubes already present
at presentation, (4) tympanic membrane perforation, and (5) primary caregiver
not present or unable to read and understand English.
METHODS
An expanded version of Rosenfeld's previously validated otitis media
quality-of-life survey, the Otitis Media–6 (OM-6), was used to assess
disease-specific quality of life.11 The questionnaire
was expanded into individual variables to allow for analysis of each specific
variable. It also included demographic data at each administration. The questionnaire,
the Otitis Media Outcome–22 (OMO-22), used in this study is presented
in Figure 1. It is a 22-item questionnaire
based on a 7-point Likert scale with associated demographic questions. The
questionnaire can be divided into a physical, emotional, hearing loss, speech,
and social symptoms subsets. This study was approved by the institutional
review board of the University of Florida. The primary caregiver of the child
consented to participate in the study and received the questionnaire at a
presurgery visit, and again at the 1- and 6-month follow-up appointments.
If the patient did not show for the scheduled appointment, the questionnaire
was sent with a self-addressed stamped envelope to the home address. Three
attempts were made to contact the caregiver to fill out the follow-up questionnaire
for each follow-up time.
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The Otitis Media Outcome–22 form.
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Surgical treatment consisted of bilateral myringotomy and tympanostomy
tube placement (BMT) alone for those children younger than 3 years without
a history of previous tympanostomy tubes. Adenoidectomy was added to the procedure
for those children undergoing their second set of tympanostomy tubes and/or
for children older than 3 years with COME. Other indications for adenoidectomy
included chronic rhinorrhea with associated rhinosinusitis or chronic mouth
breathing with associated snoring.
VALIDATION OF INSTRUMENT
The validity of this expanded version of Rosenfeld's OM-6 questionnaire,
the OMO-22, was also evaluated. Test consistency was evaluated in a subset
of patients for both test-retest reliability and internal consistency. A subset
of 10 patients filled out the questionnaire at 2 separate times prior to surgery.
A paired t test showed no significant difference
in total ear scores between the 2 presurgery questionnaires (P = .41), demonstrating a stable clinical condition. The overall internal
consistency measured by the overall Cronbach  coefficient was .85,
suggesting a high degree of correlation between the items. The coefficients
for each item ranged from .83 to .85.
The ability of the questionnaire to adequately measure ear-related symptoms
and quality of life was also evaluated. The discriminant validity was assessed
by comparing the total ear scores of children with RAOM and/or COME with a
cohort of 10 children without a significant history of ear problems. The mean
total ear score of the children with RAOM and/or COME was 49.1, while the
mean total ear score of the control children was 6.4, with a t test demonstrating a significant difference (P = .001). Attempts were also made to evaluate the concurrent validity
or to compare this questionnaire with a gold standard such as the Short Form–36
(SF-36) Health Survey. The only validated global health survey with standardized
norms currently available for use in a young pediatric population is the Child
Health Questionnaire. Unfortunately, this questionnaire is designed for use
in children 5 years and older. The mean age of the children in this study
is only 2 years 4 months. An attempt was made to have caregivers fill out
both the OMO-22 and the Child Health Questionnaire, but the number of items
that were not applicable to this age group was significant, rendering any
comparisons invalid.
Significant responsiveness to change was found with the OMO-22. The
percentage change in the total ear symptom scores changed a mean of 74.5%
(95% confidence interval [CI], 66.5%-82.5%) between presurgery and 1 month
postsurgery. The percentage change in the total ear symptom scores also changed
a mean of 59.8% (95% CI, 49.4%-70.1%) between presurgery and 6 months' postsurgery.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
The children's history, physical examination findings, audiometric data,
diagnosis, and the information concerning the surgical procedure and findings
were obtained from the patients' medical records. The data were entered into
a database using Paradox (Borland International, Scotts Valley, Calif) software
and verified. The SAS 8.1 (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC) statistical program
was used to perform all statistical calculations. Significance testing between
times was performed using paired t test statistics
for parametric data with equal distributions and the Mann-Whitney test for
nonparametric data. P<.05 was considered statistically
significant.
RESULTS
Between April and September 1999, 123 eligible children met the inclusion
criteria and were recruited to participate in the study. Of these patients,
13 elected not to undergo the recommended surgical treatment. One-month follow-up
questionnaires were obtained from 80 patients for a 73% return rate, and 6-month
follow-up questionnaires were obtained from 68 patients for a 62% return rate.
The mean age of patients in this study was 2.42 years. Table 1 gives the demographic characteristics of the study population.
Seventy-one children (65%) underwent preoperative audiography with a mean
speech reception threshold of 18 dB on the right and 19 dB on the left. The
mean number of children living in the home in addition to the study patient
was 1.2.
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Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of the Study Population
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Table 2 gives the demographic
frequencies of the study population. Most children in this study had had 5
or more episodes of AOM during the year prior to tube placement (81%) and
5 or more physician visits because of ear infections (87%). Thirty-nine percent
of the children missed 5 or more days because of ear infection, and 43% of
the caregivers reported missing 5 or more days from work because of their
child's ear infections. Table 3 gives the diagnosis and surgery demographics for the study population.
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Table 2. Demographic Frequencies of the Study Population
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Table 3. Diagnosis and Surgery for the Study Population*
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Prior to the placement of tympanostomy tubes, more than 50% of the caregivers
reported that they had been worried, concerned, or inconvenienced by their
child's ear infections all of the time, while another 21% reported worrying
most of the time, 16% a good part of the time, 7% a small part of the time,
and 3% none of the time. This improved tremendously at the 1- and 6-month
follow-up, with only 1% and 7% reporting being worried, concerned, or inconvenienced
all the time by their child's ear infections, respectively. The mean change
in OMO-22 score for parental worry was a decrease of 3.43 (with responses
scaled from 0-6) at 1-month follow-up and 2.64 at the 6-month follow-up with
a significant P value of less than .001.
The caregivers were asked on the follow-up questionnaires, "Would you
have your child undergo ear tube placement if you had to make the decision
again?" At the 1-month follow-up, 74 of 80 caregivers responded to this question,
with 67 (91%) answering yes, 1 (1%) responding no, and 6 (8%) unsure. At the
6-month follow-up, all 68 caregivers responded to this question, with 57 (84%)
answering yes, 3 (4%) answering no, and 8 (12%) were unsure.
The questionnaire can be divided into the following 5 subgroups: physical
symptoms, hearing and vestibular symptoms, speech symptoms, emotional effects,
and social effects. As demonstrated in Table 4, all subgroups of the OMO-22 improved after surgical intervention.
The physical symptoms and emotional effects subgroups improved the most. The
mean total score of the OMO-22 prior to surgical intervention was 49.1. The
mean total score was 11.6 at 1-month follow-up and 15.6 at the 6-month follow-up.
The individual scores for each variable for presurgery, 1-month follow-up,
and 6-month follow-up are listed in Table
5. The mean percentage change in the total ear symptom score was
a 74.5% improvement at 1-month follow-up and 59.8% at the 6-month follow-up.
The percentage change in total ear symptom score was significant at both the
1-month and 6-month follow-up visits.
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Table 4. Scores for the 5 Otitis Media Outcome–22 Questionnaire
Subgroups
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Table 5. Scores for Individual Variables of the Otitis Media Outcome–22
Questionnaire*
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The type of surgery that the children underwent did not influence their
mean total score percentage change. At 1-month follow-up, a 70.6% (95% CI,
59.9%-81.4%) improvement was noted in children undergoing BMT alone and an
84.2% (95% CI, 77.9%-90.5%) improvement was noted in children undergoing BMT
and adenoidectomy. At the 6-month follow-up, the percentage change was 55.6%
(95% CI, 42.7%-68.6%) for BMT alone and 70.7% (95% CI, 53.0%-88.3%) for BMT
and adenoidectomy. These differences were not statistically significant by
the Mann-Whitney test for nonparametric data.
COMMENT
Health care today is characterized by increasing pressure to document
the effectiveness and appropriateness of specific disease treatments to provide
patients with cost-effective, quality medical care. While many studies have
evaluated the benefits of tympanostomy tube placement based on objective measures,
little research has been done to assess subjective patient responses as they
relate to quality of life. Patient-based measurements of symptoms, functional
status, social and emotional consequences of disease and its treatment, and
satisfaction with care are expanded outcome measures used in outcomes research.12 These outcome measures are determined by health-related
quality-of-life assessments.
In reviewing the published literature, we found 5 studies specifically
examining otitis media treatment outcomes as they relate to quality of life
and otitis-specific functional health status.11, 13-16
Alsarraf et al13 developed and tested several
new instruments to assess otitis health status, although their instruments
were not included in the published report. The Otitis Media Functional Status
Questionnaire and Otitis Media Diary demonstrated internal consistency, reproducible
scores, and correlation with measures of clinical severity and other health
status assessment instruments.13
Rosenfeld et al11 developed an otitis
media quality-of-life instrument, the OM-6. It consists of a 6-item survey
on a 7-point Likert scale. The OM-6 was determined to be a valid, reliable,
and responsive measure of the quality of life in children with otitis media.11 Rosenfeld et al14
performed a study using the OM-6 examining the short-term impact of tympanostomy
tube placement on children's quality of life. This study demonstrated little
change in quality of life before tympanostomy tube placement and a significant
short-term postsurgery improvement with an average follow-up of 34 days. Physical
symptoms, caregiver concerns, emotional distress, and hearing loss improved
the most. Otorrhea and lack of satisfaction with surgical decision were associated
with poorer outcomes.14
Rovers et al15 studied the effect of
treatment on quality of life in children with COME aged between 1 and 2 years.
Children were randomized to watchful waiting or BMT, and quality of life was
measured using a (Dutch language general quality-of-life questionnaire, the
TNO-AZL Infant Quality-of-Life questionnaire) and a psychological test (the
Erickson parent-child interaction scales). They did not find a significant
difference between the watchful waiting vs BMT placement.15
This study is limited by several factors, including the lack of a disease-specific
questionnaire. It also lacked evidence that the quality-of-life questionnaire
used was sensitive to changes in disease state (responsiveness to change).
Facione16 evaluated 61 children with
COME and retrospectively compared the 12-month period prior to tube placement
with the 12-month postsurgery period. She found decreases in health care visits
and antibiotic use after tympanostomy tube placement with or without adenoidectomy
and suggested that ventilation tubes improve the overall quality of life of
children with COME.16 This study is limited
by its retrospective nature, lack of validation of the questionnaire used
in the study, and the absence of specific quality-of-life variables. No studies
evaluating long-term benefit of tympanostomy tubes were identified, and only
1 study included adenoidectomy when clinically indicated in the surgical treatment
for RAOM and/or COME.
The present study suggests that (1) there is a significant improvement
in the quality of life of children with either RAOM or COME and in their parents'
response to surgical treatment and (2) this improvement persists for an extended
period after surgical therapy. Prior to surgical treatment, the caregivers
and children were making significant numbers of physician office visits that
required absence from school or day care for the children and absence from
work for the parents. The caregivers' amount of worry declined significantly
from 52% of the caregivers being worried, concerned, or inconvenienced by
their children's ear infections all of the time to 1% and 7% at 1 and 6 months
after surgery, respectively. The improvement in worry about their children,
as well as the possibility of increased work productivity and decreased absenteeism,
may improve the quality of life of the parents. This is supported by the fact
that most caregivers (91% at 1-month and 84% at 6-month follow-up) would elect
to proceed with surgical intervention if they had to make the choice again.
More important, there was a statistically significant improvement in
the mean percentage change of the total ear score on the OMO-22, with a 74.5%
improvement at the 1-month follow-up and a 59.8% improvement at the 6-month
follow-up. Only 3 children were reported to have an increase in total ear
scores corresponding to an increase in symptoms at the 1-month follow-up,
and only 7 children had an increase in total ear scores at the 6-month follow-up.
Statistically significant improvement in all 5 subgroups of otitis media–related
symptoms was noted, especially in the physical symptoms and emotional effects
subsets. This suggests that, overall, surgical intervention when appropriately
indicated resulted in a significant improvement in disease-specific quality
of life for these children.
The present study does have several limitations. First, otitis media
is a disease primarily of early childhood and, therefore, the questionnaire
must be administered to the caregivers, not the child. It is possible that
the caregivers' perceptions may not accurately represent the children's actual
state of health. For example, Rosenfeld et al17
demonstrated that parents' perceptions of their children's hearing abilities
do not correlate with actual hearing loss, although they can still play an
important role in assessing quality-of-life issues. Although this may be regarded
as a limitation, proxy use in assessing quality of life in pediatric patients
is common.18-20
Proxies may even be preferable in many circumstances because the caregiver
will be the one making all medical decisions concerning the child. Children
also frequently lack the language skills necessary for quality-of-life assessment,
making proxy use a necessity.
Second, quality-of-life surveys and questionnaire-based outcome studies
depend on the accuracy of the respondents' answers. In the questionnaire format,
bias or inaccuracy in self-reporting is always a possibility. In the present
study, the parents are asked to recall information over the previous year
on the presurgery questionnaire. Parents' recall for such questionnaire items
may not be completely accurate. This is a limitation common to questionnaire-based
studies, as well as patient-provided medical histories.
This study had a less than 70% response rate at the 6-month follow-up.
This is typical for questionnaire-based studies, and responses from 60% to
80% are typically considered excellent.21 The
basic characteristics of the nonresponders were similar to responders in terms
of age, sex, number of ear infections, number of physician visits, and total
ear scores at presurgery assessment. It would be expected that those children
who were not followed up likely had less problems and, therefore, lower total
ear scores after surgical intervention for their otitis media because they
did not seek medical care for continued complaints or follow-up as recommended.
The patient population in this study could also be a confounding factor.
The parents and their children in this study had been bothered enough by the
episodes of otitis media to seek the medical attention of a specialist. This
may result in parents perceiving their children's otitis media as more of
a problem than a similar group of parents who did not seek a specialist's
care for their children. Since the present study was designed to assess the
effects of surgical intervention for RAOM and/or COME on quality-of-life issues
and because only children who seek specialist care will receive surgical intervention,
the patient population should not impact on this study directly as a confounding
factor.
This study is designed as an observational study with repeated measures
instead of the gold standard of a randomized, controlled, double-blind prospective
study. It would be unethical and inappropriate to randomly assign patients
to receive surgical intervention vs a sham operation in accordance with the
Declaration of Helsinki because the well-being of the subject should take
precedence over the interests of science, and the risks to the subject outweigh
the importance of the objective.22 Even randomly
assigning children to receive surgical vs nonsurgical medical treatment is
ethically questionable because this would preclude providing children with
the standard of care available in this country for the treatment of RAOM or
COME, which again could outweigh the benefit of the study. Using patients
as their own control prevents differences in individuals' extent of disease
from confounding the study, but it does not take in account an individual's
own variance in extent of disease. It will not account for improvements in
or worsening of the disease state that could occur throughout the natural
course of the disease. While children, in general, tend to outgrow RAOM and
COME over time, it would be highly improbable to see such significant differences
over a short period of 1 to 6 months.
Another limitation of this study is the lack of a validated global quality-of-life
survey for children younger than 5 years with which to compare the OMO-22.
Ideally, the disease-specific outcomes assessment tool used in this study
would have been compared with a global health outcomes assessment device,
such as the SF-36 Health Survey used in adults. Unfortunately, there is not
currently a global quality-of-life standard available at this time for use
in young children. Further research needs to be completed in assessing global
quality-of-life measures in young children. Validated measures of disease-specific
quality-of-life surveys, such as the OMO-22, need to be compared with this
global measure. This comparison would further allow for assessment of the
impact of RAOM and COME on children's lives and help to determine when a specific
treatment is truly beneficial in improving the quality of life of these children.
CONCLUSIONS
This study provides evidence that children with RAOM and/or COME with
defined surgical indications improve their otitis media–related quality
of life after surgical intervention, just as other studies have previously
documented the benefits of surgical intervention using objective clinical
outcomes. The amount of time that the caregivers spent worrying, concerned,
and/or inconvenienced by their children's ear infections drastically declined
after surgical intervention.
The mean percentage change in the total ear symptom scores significantly
improved both at 1 and 6 months after surgical intervention for RAOM and/or
COME in patients with standard surgical indications for tympanostomy tube
placement with or without adenoidectomy. Most caregivers were satisfied with
the outcome of the surgical intervention and would make the same decision
for their children to undergo treatment again.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Accepted for publication November 30, 2001.
The study was presented at the American Association of Pediatric Otolaryngology,
Spring Meeting, Phoenix, Ariz, May 10, 2001.
Corresponding author and reprints: Michele Richards, MD, Department
of Otolaryngology, University of Florida, Box 100264, 1600 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville,
FL 32610-0264.
From the Departments of Otolaryngology, University of Florida, Gainesville
(Dr Richards), and Baylor University, Houston, Tex (Dr Giannoni).
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